Infuse the Oil: In a large, cold Dutch oven, combine half of the olive oil (1/6 cup), the sliced garlic, and the lemon peel. Set the heat to medium-low. Gently warm the oil until the garlic is fragrant and just beginning to turn golden, about 3-4 minutes. Do not let it brown. Using a slotted spoon, remove and discard the garlic and lemon peel.
Build the Base: Increase the heat to medium. Add the chopped onion and fennel to the infused oil. Sauté, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables are soft, translucent, and sweet, about 8-10 minutes.
Bloom the Spices: Add the ground cumin, dried oregano, and ground cinnamon to the pot. Stir constantly for 1 minute until the spices are toasted and highly aromatic.
Deglaze and Unify: Pour in the white wine (or broth) and scrape up any browned bits from the bottom of the pot. Let it bubble for 30 seconds. Stir in the crushed tomatoes, the remaining 1.5 cups of vegetable broth, the bay leaf, Kosher salt, and black pepper.
Simmer the Stew: Add the potatoes and green beans to the pot, stirring to coat them in the sauce. Bring the mixture to a gentle boil, then reduce the heat to low, cover the pot, and let it simmer for 45 minutes, stirring once or twice to prevent sticking.
Integrate Final Ingredients: Uncover the pot. The sauce should have thickened, and the beans and potatoes should be tender. Stir in the drained chickpeas and halved cherry tomatoes. Continue to simmer, uncovered, for another 10 minutes to allow the flavors to meld.
Finish with Freshness: Remove the pot from the heat and discard the bay leaf. Stir in the fresh lemon juice and chopped parsley. Drizzle the remaining 1/6 cup of extra virgin olive oil over the top. Taste and adjust seasoning with more salt if needed. Serve hot.